Self-rescue and mutual rescue of divers

Divers'self-rescue and mutual rescue technologies include:

1. Cardiac resuscitation

When cardiac arrest occurs, extrathoracic cardiac compression should be performed immediately to help the heart return to normal beating. Methods: Rescuers overlap their hands, press the base of their palms on the lower part of the midline of the sternum, stretch their elbows straight, press their arms and weight vertically down at 60-80 times per minute, and make the sternum sink 3-4 cm at a time. After pressing, their hands are raised quickly without displacement. If two people are present, each time the ambulance is squeezed four times outside the chest, another person who acts as an assistant may perform one mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. If there is one person, mouth-to-mouth (or nose-to-mouth) artificial respiration can be done 2 to 3 times after 15 times of extrathoracic cardiac compression. If the extrusion is effective, the great artery pulsation can be felt, the color of the patient's skin and mucosa is gradually ruddy, the pupil is reduced from large to small, and the spontaneous breathing is restored.

2. Artificial Respiration

In general, mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration is used. If the patient's mouth is obstructed, Mouth-to-Nose artificial respiration can be carried out. The rescued person lies on his back, head-to-side deviation, so as to make the respiratory tract unobstructed. The ambulance is located on the patient's side. One hand holds the patient's chin to make his head backward. The other hand holds the nostril and opens the patient's mouth. Rescuers take a deep breath and quickly blow into the respiratory tract of the rescued person. After blowing, they release their hands and make them breathe naturally. The blowing volume should be appropriate, and it is generally appropriate to blow at the rhythm of 16 to 20 times per minute.

In addition, supine chest pressing, supine arm stretching and prone back pressing can also be used. The basic principles are the same and can be flexibly adopted according to the different situations of the rescued.

3. hemostasis

Acute massive blood loss can cause serious consequences, once it occurs, effective measures should be taken immediately. Suitable for the field methods are hand pressure hemostasis, pressure bandage hemostasis and tourniquet hemostasis.

Hand pressure hemostasis is to press the proximal end of the bleeding area with the hand to stop the bleeding. This method is most suitable for hemorrhage of extremities. Pressure dressing hemostasis is to cover the wound with sterile gauze and then bandage to achieve the purpose of hemostasis. This method is applicable to the whole body. If the amount of bleeding is less, hemostatic powder and other effective hemostatic drugs can also be used to stop bleeding. If extremity arterial bleeding is not effective, tourniquet should be used to stop bleeding. The upper tourniquet is located in the upper 1/3 of the upper arm and the root of the thigh, which should be padded with gauze first. The tourniquet should be relaxed once every 1 to 2 hours, 2 to 3 minutes each time, in order to prevent the necrosis of the injured limbs.

4. wound dressing

Correct and timely dressing of the wound can prevent further contamination of the wound. When dressing wounds, effective hemostasis and disinfection must be carried out first, and then sterile dressings should be used to dress them, tightening and moderate.

5. Fracture fixation

Fractures not only destroy the skeletal support, but also injure muscles, blood vessels and nerves due to the movement of the fracture end, which increases the pain and risk of patients. A spare splint or stool device can be used for fracture fixation. When fixing an open fracture, the splint and the wound tissue should be padded with gauze. The fixing range should include the upper and lower joints of the fracture, and should be moderately tightened to expose the finger, toe and other tissues, so as to facilitate the observation of blood circulation.